Classes using in python

Creating a Class

What is a class? Think of a class as a blueprint. It isn't something in itself, it simply describes how to make something. You can create lots of objects from that blueprint - known technically as an instance.
So how do you make these so-called 'classes'? very easily, with the class operator:

Code Example  - defining a class

# Defining a class
class class_name:
    [statement 1]
    [statement 2]
    [statement 3]
    [etc]

#!/usr/bin/env python
class Shape :
def __init__(self,x,y):
self.x = x
self.y = y
description = "this shape has not been descsrbed yet"
author = "Nobody claimed "
def area(self):
return self.x * self.y
def perimeter(self):
return 2 * self.x + 2 * self.y
def describe(self,text):
self.description = text
def scaleSize(self,scale):

     self.x = self.x * scale
   self.y = self.y * scale



What you have created is a description of a shape (That is, the variables) and what operations you can do with the shape (That is, the fuctions). This is very important - you have not made an actual shape, simply the description of what a shape is. The shape has a width (x), a height (y), and an area and perimeter (area(self) and perimeter(self)). No code is run when you define a class - you are simply making functions and variables.
The function called __init__ is run when we create an instance of Shape - that is, when we create an actual shape, as opposed to the 'blueprint' we have here, __init__ is run. You will understand how this works later.
self is how we refer to things in the class from within itself. self is the first parameter in any function defined inside a class. Any function or variable created on the first level of indentation (that is, lines of code that start one TAB to the right of where we put class Shape is automatically put into self. To access these functions and variables elsewhere inside the class, their name must be preceeded with self and a full-stop (e.g. self.variable_name).

Using a class

Its all well and good that we can make a class, but how do we use one? Here is an example, of what we call creating an instance of a class. Assume that the code example 2 has already been run:


rectangle = Shape(100,45)



The __init__ function really comes into play at this time. We create an instance of a class by first giving its name (in this case, Shape) and then, in brackets, the values to pass to the __init__ function. The init function runs (using the parameters you gave it in brackets) and then spits out an instance of that class, which in this case is assigned to the name rectangle.
Think of our class instance, rectangle, as a self-contained collection of variables and functions. In the same way that we used self to access functions and variables of the class instance from within itself, we use the name that we assigned to it now (rectangle) to access functions and variables of the class instance from outside of itself. Following on from the code we ran above, we would do this:


#finding the area of your rectangle:
print rectangle.area()


#finding the perimeter of your rectangle:
print rectangle.perimeter()


#describing the rectangle
rectangle.describe("A wide rectangle, more than twice as wide as it is tall")


#making the rectangle 50% smaller
rectangle.scaleSize(input("write the scale able value"))


#re-printing the new area of the rectangle
print rectangle.area()


As you see, where self would be used from within the class instance, its assigned name is used when outside the class. We do this to view and change the variables inside the class, and to access the functions that are there.
We aren't limited to a single instance of a class - we could have as many instances as we like. I could do this:

longrectangle = Shape(120,10)
fatrectangle = Shape(130,120)

and both longrectangle and fatrectangle have their own functions and variables contained inside them - they are totally independent of each other. There is no limit to the number of instances I could create.